Составить 5 вопросов разного типа по тексту(желательно и ответы на них же) the term “engineering” is a modern one. the new marriam-webster dictionary gives the explanation of the word “engineering” as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. nowadays the term “engineering” means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. but this word is now applied in a more extended sense. it is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. engineering is divided is divided into many branches. the most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine and sanitary engineering. while definition “civil engineering” dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. it started developing with the rise of ancient rome. in order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. the people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature. first the word “civil engineering” was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. and up about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military. the former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the construction of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.

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