who have established mutually beneficial contractual relations with China.
Opium wars.
The rulers of the Qing dynasty went further in isolating the country: they banned the construction of large ships. Chinese maritime trade declined sharply, and in 1757, the access of foreign
Opium wars.
The rulers of the Qing dynasty went further in isolating the country: they banned the construction of large ships. Chinese maritime trade declined sharply, and in 1757, the access of foreign