заранее EXERCISE 3. ответьте на вопросы: 1. What system is used when ordering and prescribing drugs? 2. What is the metric unit of weight? 3. What units of volume do you know? 4. Why are reference books useful to practitioners? 5. Who are legally required to provide full details of new drugs usage? 6. How are drugs administered? 7. What groups are drugs classified into? 8. Do drugs belong only to one group? 9. What is the aim of administering antibacterial drugs? 10.What are antibiotics originally derived from? 11. What reaction can develop if the people are allergic to some drugs?

Перевод вопросов:

Объяснение:

1. Какая система используется при заказе и назначении лекарств? 2. Что такое метрическая единица веса? 3. Какие единицы объема вы знаете? 4. Чем полезны справочники для практиков? 5. От кого по закону требуется предоставлять полную информацию об использовании новых лекарств? 6. Как вводятся лекарства? 7. На какие группы классифицируются препараты? 8. Относятся ли препараты только к одной группе? 9. Какова цель приема антибактериальных препаратов? 10. Из чего изначально получены антибиотики? 11. Какая реакция может развиться, если у человека аллергия на некоторые лекарства?

1. What system is used when ordering and prescribing drugs?

The system used when ordering and prescribing drugs is known as the medication order system. This system ensures that healthcare professionals accurately prescribe and dispense medications to patients. It involves a series of steps that begins with the physician or healthcare provider assessing the patient's condition and determining the appropriate medication. This information is then documented in the patient's medical record, which serves as the basis for the medication order.

2. What is the metric unit of weight?

The metric unit of weight is the gram (g). It is a unit of measurement commonly used in the field of pharmacy and medicine to calculate the precise amount of a drug to be administered to a patient. However, in some cases, milligrams (mg) or kilograms (kg) may also be used as smaller or larger units of measurement, respectively.

3. What units of volume do you know?

In the context of drug administration, there are several units of volume that are commonly used. The most frequently encountered units are milliliters (mL) and cubic centimeters (cc), which are essentially equivalent. These units are used to measure the volume of liquid medications or solutions that need to be administered to patients. Additionally, liters (L) may be used to measure larger volumes, particularly in the case of intravenous solutions.

4. Why are reference books useful to practitioners?

Reference books are incredibly useful to practitioners, including pharmacists and healthcare professionals, for several reasons. Firstly, reference books provide comprehensive and detailed information about various drugs, including their indications, dosages, side effects, contraindications, and interactions with other medications. This information allows practitioners to make informed decisions when prescribing or administering drugs to patients. Secondly, reference books often contain valuable clinical guidelines and protocols that assist practitioners in managing specific medical conditions or situations. Thirdly, reference books serve as reliable sources of information for conducting research or staying updated with the latest advancements in the field of pharmacy and medicine.

5. Who is legally required to provide full details of new drug usage?

Pharmaceutical manufacturers are legally required to provide full details of new drug usage. Before a drug can be approved and marketed, extensive research and clinical trials must be conducted to determine its safety and efficacy. Once the drug receives regulatory approval, the manufacturer is obligated to provide comprehensive prescribing information, often in the form of a package insert or drug label. This information includes the drug's indications, dosages, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions, and other pertinent details. Healthcare professionals rely on this information to make informed decisions and ensure the safe and effective use of the drug.

6. How are drugs administered?

Drugs can be administered through different routes depending on the specific medication and the patient's condition. The most common methods of drug administration include oral (by mouth), topical (applied to the skin), inhalation (breathed into the lungs), intravenous (directly into a vein), intramuscular (into a muscle), and subcutaneous (under the skin). The choice of administration route depends on factors such as the drug's properties, the desired therapeutic effect, the patient's ability to tolerate the route, and the urgency of treatment.

7. What groups are drugs classified into?

Drugs are classified into different groups based on various criteria, such as their therapeutic use, chemical composition, mechanism of action, or body system they affect. Some common drug classifications include analgesics (pain relievers), antibiotics (substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill them), antipyretics (fever reducers), antihypertensives (blood pressure-lowering drugs), and anticoagulants (blood thinners). These classifications help healthcare professionals understand the properties and effects of drugs and assist in making appropriate treatment decisions.

8. Do drugs belong only to one group?

No, drugs can belong to multiple groups based on their properties and effects. Many medications have multiple therapeutic uses and may affect several body systems simultaneously. For example, a drug used to lower blood pressure (antihypertensive) may also have an analgesic effect (pain relieving). Similarly, certain medications may have different chemical compositions but share similar therapeutic uses and thus belong to the same group. Drug classification is not always exclusive, and drugs can be classified into multiple groups based on their various characteristics.

9. What is the aim of administering antibacterial drugs?

The aim of administering antibacterial drugs is to treat or prevent bacterial infections. Antibacterial drugs, also known as antibiotics, are specifically designed to target and inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill them. When bacteria invade the body and cause an infection, antibacterial drugs can be used to eliminate the bacteria and alleviate the associated symptoms. It is important to note that antibacterial drugs are ineffective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu, as they only target bacteria.

10. What are antibiotics originally derived from?

Antibiotics are originally derived from natural sources, such as fungi, bacteria, or plants. Many antibiotics are produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi as a defense mechanism against other microorganisms. For example, penicillin, one of the first antibiotics discovered, is derived from the fungus Penicillium. Other antibiotics, such as tetracycline or erythromycin, are also derived from microorganisms. However, pharmaceutical science has also developed synthetic antibiotics that are created through chemical synthesis in a laboratory.

11. What reaction can develop if people are allergic to some drugs?

If people are allergic to certain drugs, they may experience an allergic reaction upon exposure to the medication. Allergic reactions can vary in severity and presentation, ranging from mild skin rashes or hives to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include rash, itching, swelling, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness. Allergic reactions occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies the drug as a threat and mounts an immune response against it. It is essential to identify drug allergies promptly and avoid further exposure to the allergen to prevent severe reactions.