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Английский язык 5 класс

the general philosophical meaning is a social form of the movement of matter, which ensures its stability and the ability to self-develop through self-regulation of exchange with the environment (human civilization on the scale of a cosmic device);

historical and philosophical significance — the unity of the historical process and the totality of the material, technical and spiritual achievements of humanity in the course of this process (human civilization in the history of the Earth);

the stage of the world historical process associated with the achievement of a certain level of sociality (the stage of self-regulation and self-production with relative independence from nature, differentiation of public consciousness);

a society localized in time and space. Local civilizations are integral systems that represent complexes of economic, political, social and spiritual subsystems, and develop according to the laws of vital cycles[1

One of the first to introduce the term "civilization" into scientific use was the philosopher Adam Ferguson, who meant by the term a stage in the development of human society, characterized by the existence of social strata, as well as cities, writing, and other similar phenomena. The stadial periodization of world history (savagery — barbarism — civilization) proposed by the Scottish scientist enjoyed support in scientific circles in the late XVIII-early XIX century[2], but with the growing popularity of the plural — cyclical approach to history in the late XIX-early XX century, the general concept of "civilizations" increasingly began to mean "localcivilizations"[3