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1. scotland
1.scotland takes up one third of the territory of the british isles, but its population is not very big. it is the most northern part of the island of great britain and it is not far away from the arctic circle. that's why it is not densely populated; its population is a little over 5 million people. scotland is divided into three regions: the highlands, which is the most northern and the most underpopulated area with a harsh climate; the lowlands, which is the most industrial region, with about three quarters of the population; and the southern uplands, with hills. the highlands of scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. they reach their highest point in ben nevis. many valleys between the hills are filled with lakes, called lochs. the best–known is loch ness where some people think a large monster lives. the most important city here is aberdeen. this ancient city is the oil center of scotland. one of the things that people associate with scotland is the kilt. the kilt is a relic of the time when the clan system existed in the highlands. everybody in the clan had the same family name, like mac donald or macgregor. every clan had its own territory and its own tartan. the traditional scottish industries are: coal mining, steel manufacture, shipbuilding, electronic engineering, chemicals, food and drink industries and light engineering. edinburg is the capital city of scotland and its cultural and industrial center. clyde side is britain’s largest shipbuilding and marine engineering area. scotland has one third of britain’s total agricultural land, but 70 percent of it consists of hill grazing for cattle and sheep. only about 10 percent of the agricultural area is used for crops. scotland accounts for half of britain’s forest area. fishing remains an important activity.

3. wales
this constituent country of great britain became its part in 1536 by the act of union. the welsh call their country cymru ['kimru] – and themselves they call cymry ['kimri]. now the population of wales is over 3 mln people. about 75 percent of the people of wales live in towns and urban districts. the living standard of people here is lower than in england, the unemployment rate is higher. south wales has a rich tradition of struggle for more jobs and better working conditions in mines. wales is a highland country of old, hard rocks. north wales is a country of mountains and deep valleys. south wales is a land of high hills and wide valleys. the pride of wales in scenery is snowdonia - a region of high mountains. the capital of wales is cardiff, the largest city of wales. it is an important industrial city and a port. it is also an administrative and educational center. the welsh people, especially in rural areas, are fond of folk music, singing, poetry and drama. welsh literature is one of the oldest in europe. wales has its own flag called the welsh dragon. since world war ii there has been an intensive development in the metals industries. now the traditional basic industry is coal–mining. it produces 9 percent of britain's coal. the steel industry supplies almost all britain's output of tin plate and much of its sheet steel. new firms have appeared in wales, including most recently japanese and american concerns. besides cardiff the main urban industrial centers are newport and swansea, which are also major ports. agriculture occupies about 72 percent of land area, the main activities are sheep and cattle rearing in the hill regions and dairy–farming in the lowlands. wales accounts for about 30 percent of forest area in britain, and about one–third of its water suppliers.

angelinakovalev    2   16.10.2019 17:13    3