Systems of higher education in france and in germany
the france and germany have systems of higher education that are basically administered
by state agencies. entrance requirements for students are also similar in both countries. in france
an examination called the baccalauréat is given at the end of secondary education. higher
education in france is free and open to all students who have passed this examination. a passing
mark admits students to a preparatory first year at a university, which terminates in another,
more rigorous examination. success in this examination allows students to attend universities for
another three or four years until they have attained the first university degree, called a licence in
france.
basic differences, however, distinguish these two countries' systems. french educational
districts, called académies, are under the direction of a rector, an appointee of the national
government who also is in charge of the university in each district. the uniformity in curriculum
throughout the country leaves each university with little to distinguish itself. hence, many
students prefer to go to paris, where there are better accommodations and more cultural
amenities for students. another difference is the existence in france of higher-educational
institutions known as grandes écoles, which provide advanced professional and technical
training. most of these schools are not affiliated with the universities, although they too recruit
their students by giving competitive examinations to candidates who possess a baccalauréat. the
various grandes écoles provide a rigorous training in all branches of applied science and
technology, and their diplomas have a somewhat higher standing than that of the ordinary
licence.
in germany, a country made up of what were once strong principalities, the regional
universities have autonomy in determining their curriculum under the direction of rectors elected
from within. students in germany change universities according to their interests and the
strengths of each university. in fact, it is a custom for students to attend two, three, or even four
different universities in the course of their undergraduate studies, and the majority of professors
at a particular university may have taught in four or five others. this marked degree of mobility
means that schemes of study and examination are marked by a freedom and individuality
unknown in france.
each of these countries has influenced higher education in other nations. the french,
either through colonial influence or through the work of missionaries, introduced many aspects
of their system in north and west africa, the caribbean, and the far east. in the 1870s japan's
growing university system was remodeled along french lines. france's grandes écoles have been
especially copied as models of technical schools. german influence has come about through
philosophical concepts regarding the role of universities. the germans were the first to stress the
importance of universities as research facilities, and they also created a sense of them as
emblems of a national mind. the doctoral degree, or ph.d., invented in germany, has gained
popularity in systems around the world.

вот такой вот текстик, нужно сделать именно по стране франция небольшой спитч
1.administration
2. entrance requirements
3.years of study to obtain the
first university degree
5. types of school providing
higher education
6. students’ performance
assessment
7. teaching process
organization
8. funding source
вот по этим вопросикам ответить типо на вопросы, чтобы это было как рассказ)

Diana120000    1   07.11.2019 17:29    19