SURGERY

Treatment of injuries or traumas by operative techniques is the subject of surgery.
The surgeon has always been an integral part of medical science. Early medical texts are devoted chiefly to records of surgical cases. Strangely, however, the great advances in surgery have been dependent on medical discoveries in other fields. These advances include the discovery of ether anesthesia by Morton and Long in 1847; the discovery of the principle of antisepsis by Joseph Lister in 1865—87, and the application of rubber gloves introduced by Halstead. The use of blood transfusion, the control of fluid in the body and the use of drugs for various symptoms have also aided success in surgery.
Not many years have passed since the time when few surgeons dared to invade the interior of the abdomen.
Today every portion of the human body has been invaded successfully. The surgery of today is called physiological surgery and is aimed at restoring (восстановление) normal function of various organs and tissues when these functions have failed.

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