Сделайте задания по тексту ( ответить на во и найьи в тексте предложения на английском)

Text с: «methods of steel heat treatment»

Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled byimmersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure.

Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many applications and is also brittle. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, reduces this hardness and brittleness. Tempering temperatures depend on the composition of the steel but are frequently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product. The color of the oxide filmproduced on the surface of the heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature.

Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly. After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being bent many times without cracking).

All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for certain needs.

Vocabulary:

to immerse — погружать

to apply — применять

intermediate — промежуточный

oxide film — оксидная пленка

annealing — отжиг, отпуск

cracking — растрескивание

General understanding:

1. What can be done to obtain harder steel?

2. What makes steel more soft and tough?

3. What makes steel more malleable and ductile?

4. What can serve as the indicator of metal temperature while heating it?

5. What temperature range is used for tempering?

6. What are the methods of steel heat treatment used for?

Exercise 1.6. Translate into English the following words and word combinations:

1. температура нормализации

2. мелкозернистая структура

3. быстрое охлаждение

4. закаленная сталь

5. состав стали

6. окисная пленка

7. индикатор температуры

8. медленное охлаждение

​

1. To obtain harder steel, quenching can be done. Quenching is a heat treatment process where the metal is rapidly cooled by immersion in water or oil after being heated to a high temperature. This rapid cooling process makes the steel harder and more brittle.

2. Tempering makes steel more soft and tough. Tempering is a heat treatment applied to hardened steel after quenching. After quenching, the steel is too hard and brittle for many applications. Tempering involves reheating the steel to an intermediate temperature and cooling it slowly. This process reduces the hardness and brittleness of the steel, making it softer and tougher.

3. Annealing makes steel more malleable and ductile. Annealing is a heat treatment process where the material is cooled slowly after being heated to a high temperature. After annealing, the steel becomes malleable and ductile, meaning it can be bent multiple times without cracking.

4. The color of the oxide film produced on the surface of the heated metal can serve as an indicator of its temperature. When the metal is heated, it forms an oxide film on its surface. The color of this film can indicate the temperature of the metal. Different temperatures result in different colors of the oxide film.

5. The temperature range used for tempering varies depending on the composition of the steel but is frequently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures generally result in a softer and tougher product after tempering.

6. The methods of steel heat treatment, such as quenching, tempering, and annealing, are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for specific needs. These heat treatment methods can alter the hardness, toughness, malleability, and ductility of the steel to suit different applications.

Exercise 1.6. English translations:

1. температура нормализации - normalization temperature
2. мелкозернистая структура - fine-grained structure
3. быстрое охлаждение - rapid cooling
4. закаленная сталь - hardened steel
5. состав стали - steel composition
6. окисная пленка - oxide film
7. индикатор температуры - temperature indicator
8. медленное охлаждение - slow cooling