REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Describe Amborella and water lilies. On the basis of morphology, would you conclude that they are closely related? What evidence is used to support the hypothesis that they are ancient lineages from basal angiosperms?

2. All plant families have a name that ends in “-aceae,” and some families also have old names, still commonly used, without this ending. The palms are a family with two names. What is the new name that ends in “-aceae,” and what is the older name? What kind of a compound leaf do the feather palms have? The fan palms? Why are palm flowers so seldom seen by most people?

3. Philodendron is a plant you may know. They and their close relatives are characterized by a distinctive inflorescence. It has tiny flowers embedded in a thick stalk called a , and it is surrounded by a large bract called a

.

4. What is the name of the grass family? About how many species does it contain? Name seven genera (and give the common names) of grasses that are used for food. What kind of pollination do grasses have—animal or wind?

5. Zingiberales contains some of the most familiar of all houseplants. Name several of these.

6. Liliaceae contains many familiar plants. Name six. Which closely related family contains the irises? Which contains yams?

7. The Orchidaceae is the largest and most diverse family of monocots. What is the most common orchid habit (growth form)

—being an epiphyte or being terrestrial? Are orchid flowers bilaterally symmetrical or radially symmetrical? Describe orchid seeds.

8. Certain eudicot clades contain plants with many relictual features. Name and describe several.

9. Core Caryophyllales contains many familiar plants. Can you list four members of this group? The group is unusual in having

pigments rather than anthocyanins in their flowers. Another feature of this group is that endosperm develops little or not at all, and instead, the seeds have , which develops

through proliferation of cells of the _.

10. Give the name of the families of each of the following:

a. Camellias

b. Chocolate

c. Cotton

d. Violets

e. Pumpkins and watermelons

f. Cranberries and blueberries

11. One important character in rosids is the presence of leaves. The

subclass is named for the rose family, Rosaceae, and this one family has many genera that produce fruits that we like to eat. Name the genera of the following fruits, all in the rose family:

a. Apples

b. Almonds, apricots, cherries, peaches, and plums

c. Strawberries

d. Blackberries and raspberries

12. Textbooks often use cacti and euphorbias (spurges) to illustrate convergent evolution because many euphorbias have globular, succulent bodies that strongly resemble those of cacti, yet the two families are not closely related. What are the names of the euphorbia family and of the cactus family? Which major clade is each in?

13. Name the families that contain the following species:

a. Sunflowers, dandelions, and daisies

b. Milkweeds

c. Potato, tomato, and tobacco

d. Mints and lavender

e. Coffea (coffee)

14. Think about the Coniferophyta and the Magnoliophyta of this chapter. Which has more families, genera, and species? Which has more diversity of body types? Which has species in the greatest number of habitats (deserts, forests, rain forests, underwater, grasslands, marshes, epiphytic habitats, and so on). Which group originated earlier in evolution, and which originated later? The older group has had more time to diversify. Is it the more diverse of the two?

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