Положительные и отрицательные причины реформы

ответ:The completion of Kazakhstan’s accession coincided with reforms in Russia itself. The abolition of serfdom, reform, and the direction of the development of capitalist social relations could not but affect Kazakhstan. He experienced an active process of colonization. In order to give it a purposeful and systematic character, the tsarist government decided to create an administrative administration in Kazakhstan that is close to the Russian system and meets the interests of the metropolis as much as possible. To prepare the reforms in 1865, a special Steppe Commission was created, which included representatives of the Ministry of the Interior, the War Ministry, and local representatives, this commission was to develop a draft reform. In 1865-1866, the commission drew up a project for managing the Kazakh steppe, issued in the form of two documents. On July 11, 1867, Alexander II signed the "Provisional Regulation on Administration in the Semirechensk and Syrdarya Regions", and on October 21, 1868, the "Temporary Regulation on Administration in the Steppe Regions of the Orenburg and West Siberian Governor General". According to the reform, the entire territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three governor-generals: Turkestan, Orenburg, and West Siberian. The entirety of the military and civilian power was concentrated in the hands of the Governor General, and the Turkestan Governor General, in addition, had the right to conduct diplomatic negotiations with China and Iran. The control system was military in nature. Governor-generals consisted of regions. The Orenburg Governor General included: Ural and Turgai; in West Siberian: Akmola and Semipalatinsk; to Turkestan: Semirechenskaya and Syrdarya. The territory of the former Bukeev khanate in 1872 was included in the Astrakhan province; Mangystau - under the control of the Caucasus Military District, and later entered the Trans-Caspian region. The regional boards were subordinate to the military governors, who were the commanders of the military districts and at the same time were punishable atamans of the Cossack troops located in the region. Regional boards consisted of three departments: administrative, economic and judicial. The chairman of the board was the vice-governor, he had advisers, departments of the board were headed by senior advisers. Border areas: Semirechenskaya and Syrdarya were engaged in border affairs. The provinces were divided into counties; there were 34 of them. The counties were headed by district chiefs - officers who were appointed by the governor general on the proposal of the military governors of the regions. The county governor had assistants - senior and junior. Throughout this hierarchy, representatives of the local tribal elite and the Sultan nobility could only occupy the position of junior assistant to the district chief. The district chief obeyed the police and military units. Counties were divided into volosts on a territorial basis. Volosts were divided into administrative auls, consisting of economic auls. The administrative villages included from 100 to 200 cabins; in the volost from 1000 to 2000, sometimes up to 3000 cabins. Volost managers and aul foremen were elected every three years by secret ballot and approved by the higher authorities. The sultans were provided with a lifelong pension and were exempted from all taxes. According to the reform, the judicial system in Kazakhstan had several levels. Courts of biys and kaziyevs based on adat and sharia survived. They functioned at the aul level. The county and military courts acted on the basis of imperial laws and dealt with such matters as high treason, resistance to the authorities, damage to state property, murder of officials, etc. Reforms established an annual cash hitch fee for pastoralists, in the Turkestan governor-general 2 rubles 75 kopecks; in Orenburg and West Siberian - 3 rubles. For the settled agricultural population, the traditional tax was preserved - one tenth of the crop in kind or in money. Various duties were established for the maintenance of the local administration, postal roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, the supply of military units, etc. A census of tents was carried out every three years. The rights of Muslim clergy, for example, an elected mullah, were limited, the governor claimed. According to the reform, it was supposed to open one general school and a first-aid post in district towns. The provisions of 1867-1868 were "Provisional", since the tsarist government hoped to introduce them within two years. However, they met strong resistance from the local population, who understood that this reform finally turned Kazakhstan into a colony of the Russian Empire, and this process lasted 20 years.

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