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Peter the Great.

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interestedl, popular, mysterious, certificate, travelled, removed,
youth, married, latest, introducing, palace

Peter I, or Peter the Great (1672-1725), was one of the most outstanding rulers

and reformers in Russian history. He spent his childhood and early 1in the

village of Preobrazhenskoe, where he lived with his mother, loved military games

and enjoyed carpentry, blacksmithing and printing, learned to sail on sailboats, and

only rarely 2 to Moscow for official ceremonies. In 1689, at the age of

seventeen, Peter successfully 3Sofia from power, and at the urging of his

mother 4Eudoxia Lopykhina. The marriage was not a happy one: neither

Eudoxia or their son Alexey shared Peter's interests. Many years later, Alexey was

arrested, charged with treason, and died in the Peter and Paul Fortress under

5circumstances, while Eudoxia was divorced by Peter in 1712 and then

forced to enter a convent. In the same year, Peter married Marta Skavronskaya, the

future Empress Catherine I.

Peter was the first Russian monarch to receive an education both in Russia

and abroad. Even as a boy, he received his education not only from 6tutors,

but also in German Town, a district of Moscow where many enlightened foreigners

lived. There young Peter became 7in the latest developments in science and

technology as well as natural science. Setting off to Europe in 1696 Peter travelled

incognito under the pseudonym of Pyotr Mikhailov. In Prussia, the Tsar studied

artillery and received a 8as a firearms master, and in Holland he learned the

craft of shipbuilding by working at the bustling Dutch docks. Then he set off to

England to study the 9advances in shipbuilding and industry. But this educational and entertaining voyage was cut short after 18 months by news of a

Streltsy revolt in Moscow.

Peter the Great created a system of civil service in Russia by 10the Table

of Ranks: a document defining the classification of all military, naval, court and

civilian officials into fourteen classes, from fourteen as the lowest up to the first.

The Table of Ranks was designed to create a "social elevator" for

hardworking military and government officials and to reduce the abuse of

appointments and promotions in service.

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