ответить на вопросы 2, 6 (на 2 вопрос дать определение на английском с текста) I. Read the text

THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY

Practical electricity is produced by small atomic particles known as elec-

trons. It is the movement of these particles which produce the effects of heat

and light.

The pressure that forces these atomic particles to move, the effects they

encounter opposition and how these forces are controlled are some of the prin-

ciples of electricity.

Accepted atomic theory states that all matter is electrical in structure. Any

object is largely composed of a combination of positive and negative particles

of electricity. Electric current will pass through a wire, a body, or along a

stream of water. It can be established in some substances more readily than in

others, that all matter is composed of electric particles despite some basic dif-

ferences in materials. The science of electricity then must begin with a study of

the structure of matter.

Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies

space. This definition should be broad enough to cover all physical objects in the

universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are some examples of matter. Energy is

closely related to, but not to be confused with, matter. Energy does not have

mass, and it does not occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.

The smallest particle of matter which can be recognized as an original

substance was thought to be a unit called the atom. Recently scientists have

found particles even smaller than atoms, but our theories are still based on the

atom. The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons. It is generally

agreed that the electrons are small particles of electricity, which are negative in

nature. These particles orbit the nucleus in much the same fashion that planets

orbit a sun.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

Electricity, electron, effect, structure, combination, material, mass, energy,

atom, orbit

VI. Answer the questions:

1) What are the principles of electricity? 2) What must the science of

electricity begin with? 3) Are there any differences between energy and mat-

ter? What are they? 4) What is recognized as an original substance now?

I. Read the text

THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY

Practical electricity is produced by small atomic particles known as electrons. It is the movement of these particles which produce the effects of heat and light.

The pressure that forces these atomic particles to move, the effects they encounter opposition and how these forces are controlled are some of the principles of electricity.

Accepted atomic theory states that all matter is electrical in structure. Any object is largely composed of a combination of positive and negative particles of electricity. Electric current will pass through a wire, a body, or along a stream of water. It can be established in some substances more readily than in others, that all matter is composed of electric particles despite some basic differences in materials. The science of electricity then must begin with a study of the structure of matter.

Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies space. This definition should be broad enough to cover all physical objects in the universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are some examples of matter. Energy is closely related to, but not to be confused with, matter. Energy does not have mass, and it does not occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.

The smallest particle of matter which can be recognized as an original substance was thought to be a unit called the atom. Recently scientists have found particles even smaller than atoms, but our theories are still based on the atom. The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons. It is generally agreed that the electrons are small particles of electricity, which are negative in nature. These particles orbit the nucleus in much the same fashion that planets orbit a sun.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

Electricity - the form of energy resulting from the interaction of charged particles, such as electrons or ions

Electron - a stable subatomic particle with a negative electric charge

Effect - a result or consequence of an action or condition

Structure - the arrangement and organization of the parts of a substance

Combination - a mixture or union of different elements or ingredients

Material - the substance or substances of which a thing is made or composed

Mass - the amount of matter in an object, a measure of its resistance to acceleration when a force is applied

Energy - the ability or capacity to do work, typically in the form of motion, heat, light, or electricity

Atom - the basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) and one or more electrons

Orbit - the curved path followed by a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon

VI. Answer the questions:

1) What are the principles of electricity?
The principles of electricity include the movement of atomic particles called electrons, the pressure that forces these particles to move, the effects they encounter, and how these forces are controlled.

2) What must the science of electricity begin with?
The science of electricity must begin with a study of the structure of matter, as all matter is composed of positive and negative particles of electricity.

3) Are there any differences between energy and matter? What are they?
Yes, there are differences between energy and matter. Matter has mass and occupies space, while energy does not have mass and does not occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.

4) What is recognized as an original substance now?
The smallest particle of matter that is recognized as an original substance is the atom, which consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons.