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INFECTION
Infection means invasion of
the body by microorganisms, which are harmful. The most common sources of infection
in medical practice are direct contact with a patient’s blood and saliva,
consequently instruments and equipment used in the treatment become
contaminated. If no action were taken infection may enter the body through skin
cuts or abrasions or the eyes, it may also be swallowed. Infection from the
contamination would be passed on from patient to patient, from patient to staff
and from staff to patient. This involvement is called cross – infection.

Even ancient people taught
that body’s first of defense against infection was an intact surface, e.g. the
outer layer of skin and the protective outer layer of mucous
membrane. If infection had passed it the second line of defense started its
action. It was the liquid secretion produced by the protective surfaces. The
mucous membrane and the salivary glands had produced saliva, which neutralized
some bacterial poisons and could kill some microorganisms. Tears and sweat had
a similar effect. The acidity of gastric juice killed many bacteria in food.
The third line of defense is discovered now. It is immunity.
And we also know that if these defense mechanisms fail to prevent
infection, the last line of defense is a response by the body called
inflammation.

1. What are the most common sources of infection?
2. How may infection enter the body?
3. What did ancient people teach?
4. When does the second line of defense start its action?
5. What is it produced by?
6. What can saliva do?
7. What effect do tears and sweat have?
8. When was the third line discovered?
9. What is the last line of defense?

1. The most common sources of infection in medical practice are direct contact with a patient's blood and saliva. This means that if a healthcare worker comes into contact with blood or saliva from an infected individual, they can potentially become infected themselves or spread the infection to others.

2. Infection can enter the body through various ways. The text mentions that infection may enter through skin cuts or abrasions, the eyes, or it may also be swallowed. This means that any open wounds, cuts, or even the mucous membranes in the eyes and mouth can serve as entry points for microorganisms to invade the body.

3. Ancient people believed that the body's first line of defense against infection was an intact surface, such as the outer layer of skin and the protective outer layer of mucous membrane. They recognized that a barrier in the form of healthy skin and mucous membranes can prevent microorganisms from entering the body and causing infection.

4. The second line of defense starts its action if the infection manages to bypass the body's first line of defense. In the text, it is mentioned that if infection had passed the intact surface, the liquid secretion produced by the protective surfaces would start its action. This means that the body's second line of defense is the production of substances like saliva, tears, sweat, and gastric juice that have antimicrobial properties and can help neutralize bacterial poisons and kill some microorganisms.

5. The liquid secretion, such as saliva, tears, sweat, and gastric juice, is produced by the protective surfaces, like the salivary glands, mucous membranes, and sweat glands. These secretions contain substances that can help fight against microorganisms and protect the body from infection.

6. Saliva can play a protective role against infection. It neutralizes some bacterial poisons and can kill certain microorganisms. This means that saliva contains substances that can help eliminate harmful bacteria and prevent them from causing infection.

7. Tears and sweat also have a similar effect to saliva. They contain substances that can help fight against microorganisms. The acidity of sweat and the antiseptic properties of tears can help kill many bacteria present on the skin and prevent the spread of infection.

8. The third line of defense called immunity has been discovered now. This means that the understanding and development of the body's immune response to infections have been studied and researched in more recent times. The immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing and destroying harmful microorganisms, as well as providing long-term protection against future infections.

9. The last line of defense, if the body's defense mechanisms fail to prevent infection, is a response called inflammation. Inflammation is a natural response of the body to infection, injury, or foreign substances. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain in the affected area. Inflammation helps to isolate and eliminate the source of infection and initiate the healing process.

Overall, it is important to understand the sources of infection, how it can enter the body, the body's defense mechanisms, and the steps taken by the body to fight against infection. This knowledge is crucial in preventing the spread of infection and maintaining good health.