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EXERCISES
Answer the questions about London.
1. When was London founded?
2. What name did it have at first?
3. Why did the town grow and develop into a city?
4. When did it become the capital of England?
5. Prove that London enjoyed more independence than any other city of medieval England.
6. What happened to the city in 1666?
7. Name the tree parts of London.
8. What part of London is known as the financial centre of the whole country?
9. Are there many attractions in the West End? What are they?
10. Where are Hyde Park, St. James1 Park and Regent's Park situated?
11. What are the most famous places in London to do the shopping?
12. How was the East End transformed recently?
13. What is Greater London?
14. Prove that London is a multinational city.
8. Think of the beginning of the sentences.
1. ... as a settlement and a fortress.
2. ... the settlement developed into a city.
3. ... through which wealth came to the country.
4. ... enjoyed greater independence than the other cities of the medieval England.
5. ... is still held every year.
6. ... the streets being narrow and dirty.
7. ... but the old planning remained untouched.
8. ... where offices and banks are situated.
. 9. .-. where aristocrats lived.
10. ... to mention just a few of them.
11. ... are favourite places for Londoners to visit and relax.
12. ... present a wide choice of expensive shops.
13. ... are believed to house the largest population of artists in Europe.
14. ... new hotels, stadiums and apartment houses are being built.
15. ... are called Greater London.
16. ... being inhabited by people from all over the world. :
9. Prove that
• London is an old city
• London has always been playing an important role in the life of the country;
• London enjoyed greater independence than the other cities in England
• the planning of London is chaotic;
• there are a lot of tourist attractions in the West End;
• the East End has always been different from the rest of metropolis;
• London grows rapidly;
• London is a multinational metropolis.
10. Make up the outline of the text.
11. Retell the text using the outline.
12. Find additional information on the sights of London. Make up a report on one of the sights of London.

Answer the questions about London. (Ответь на вопросы о Лондоне).
1. When was London founded?
It was founded in AD 43.
2. What name did it have at first?
At first it had the name of Londinium.
3. Why did the town grow and develop into a city?
The town grew and developed into a city due to its convenient position in the mouth of the river Thames.
4. When did it become the capital of England?
In the 11th century London became the capital of England.
5. Prove that London enjoyed more independence than any other city of medieval England.
Being an important trade and political centre, the city enjoyed greater independence than the other cities of the medieval England and even had the right to elect the head of the city, Lord Mayor.
6. What happened to the city in 1666?
In 1666 the Great Fire of London destroyed the most part of the city.
7. Name the tree parts of London.
Historically and geographically London can be divided into three parts: the City, the West End and the East End.
8. What part of London is known as the financial centre of the whole country?
The City is the financial centre of the whole country.
9. Are there many attractions in the West End? What are they?
Yes, there are. The West End has always been considered a place where aristocrats lived. There is a great number of sights and attractions: the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral, the Nelson Column, to mention just a few of them. One may also go shopping in the West End — Piccadilly Street and Oxford Street both present a wide choice of expensive shops and boutiques.
10. Where are Hyde Park, St. James1 Park and Regent's Park situated?
They are situated in the West End.
11. What are the most famous places in London to do the shopping?
The most famous places in London to do the shopping are Piccadilly Street and Oxford Street.
12. How was the East End transformed recently?
The East End was previously considered the place where not well-to-do people lived. The identity of the East End as a place of deprivation and poverty persisted until well after the Second World War, becoming overlaid with certain gangster glamour in the 1960s. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, London east of the City is still seen as having a different character, claiming a certain independence of look from the rest of metropolis; but its cultural status has been transformed. Parts of the East End are believed to house the highest population of artists in Europe, and the East End is now considered a bohemian district. The ugly docks, which for years disguised the face of the East End, are now closed, and new hotels, stadiums and apartment houses are being built.
13. What is Greater London?
Now London extends much more than the City, the West End and the East End. Its suburbs grow rapidly. London and its suburbs are called Greater London.
14. Prove that London is a multinational city.
London is a multinational city because people from all over the world live there.
8. Think of the beginning of the sentences.
1. ... as a settlement and a fortress.
London, the capital of the UK, was founded in AD 43 by the Roman invaders as a settlement and a fortress.
2. ... the settlement developed into a city.
Due to its convenient position in the mouth of the river Thames the settlement developed into a city.
3. ... through which wealth came to the country.
For centuries London was a prominent port through which wealth came to the country.
4. ... enjoyed greater independence than the other cities of the medieval England.
Being an important trade and political centre, the city enjoyed greater independence than the other cities of the medieval England.
5. ... is still held every year.
The picturesque ceremony of the elections of Lord Mayor of London is still held every year.
6. ... the streets being narrow and dirty.
The city was built rather chaotically, the streets being narrow and dirty.
7. ... but the old planning remained untouched.
In 1666 the Great Fire of London destroyed the most part of the city, which was rebuilt, but the old planning remained untouched.
8. ... where offices and banks are situated.
The City is the financial centre of the country, where offices and banks are situated.
9. .-. where aristocrats lived.
The West End has always been considered a place where aristocrats lived.
10. ... to mention just a few of them.
There is a great number of sights and attractions in The West End: the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral, the Nelson Column, to mention just a few of them.
11. ... are favourite places for Londoners to visit and relax.
London's beautiful parks are also in The West End: Hyde Park, St. James' Park, Regent's Park are favourite places for Londoners to visit and relax.
12. ... present a wide choice of expensive shops.
Piccadilly Street and Oxford Street both present a wide choice of expensive shops.
13. ... are believed to house the largest population of artists in Europe.
Parts of the East End are believed to house the largest population of artists in Europe.
14. ... new hotels, stadiums and apartment houses are being built.
The ugly docks, which for years disguised the face of the East End, are now closed, and new hotels, stadiums and apartment houses are being built.
15. ... are called Greater London.
London and its suburbs are called Greater London.
16. ... being inhabited by people from all over the world.
London has become a multinational metropolis, being inhabited by people from all over the world.
9. Prove that: (используй информацию выше)
• London is an old city (ответ 1.)
• London has always been playing an important role in the life of the country; (ответ 5)
• London enjoyed greater independence than the other cities in England; (ответ 5)
• the planning of London is chaotic;( ответ 6 )
• there are a lot of tourist attractions in the West End; (ответ 9)
• the East End has always been different from the rest of metropolis;( The East End was previously considered the place where not well-to-do people lived. The identity of the East End as a place of deprivation and poverty persisted until well after the Second World War, becoming overlaid with certain gangster glamour in the 1960s. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, London east of the City is still seen as having a different character, claiming a certain independence of look from the rest of metropolis; but its cultural status has been transformed. Parts of the East End are believed to house the highest population of artists in Europe, and the East End is now considered a bohemian district.)
• London grows rapidly;( Now London extends much more than the City, the West End and the East End. Its suburbs grow rapidly. London and its suburbs are called Greater London.)
• London is a multinational metropolis;(ответ 14)
10. Make up the outline of the text. (составь план текста)
1. The foundation and developing of London.
2. The greater independence of London.
3. The structure of the city and the Great Fire of London.
4. Parts of London.
5. The West End.
6. The East End.
7. Greater London.
8. A multinational metropolis.
11. Retell the text using the outline. (перескажи текст)
12. Find additional information on the sights of London. Make up a report on one of the sights of London. (Найдите дополнительную информацию о достопримечательностях Лондона, напишите доклад о них).

1. When was London founded?
- London was founded over 2,000 years ago, in AD 43.

2. What name did it have at first?
- London was originally called Londinium.

3. Why did the town grow and develop into a city?
- The town of London grew and developed into a city due to its strategic location on the River Thames. This allowed for trade and transportation, attracting merchants and settlers. Its growth was also influenced by the Roman Empire's presence in Britain.

4. When did it become the capital of England?
- London became the capital of England in the 12th century when the Norman kings established their court there.

5. Prove that London enjoyed more independence than any other city of medieval England.
- London enjoyed more independence than other medieval cities in England because it had its own mayor, its own legal system, and the citizens had the right to govern themselves. This level of self-governance and autonomy set London apart from other cities in the country.

6. What happened to the city in 1666?
- In 1666, a great fire, now known as the Great Fire of London, swept through the city and destroyed a large part of it. The fire burned for several days and resulted in the reconstruction and redesign of many parts of the city.

7. Name the three parts of London.
- The three main parts of London are the City of London (the historic core and financial district), the City of Westminster (which includes important government buildings and landmarks), and the Greater London area (which includes all the boroughs and districts surrounding the city center).

8. What part of London is known as the financial center of the whole country?
- The City of London is known as the financial center of the whole country. This area is home to numerous banks, financial institutions, and the Stock Exchange.

9. Are there many attractions in the West End? What are they?
- Yes, there are many attractions in the West End of London. Some of the famous attractions include the West End theaters, shopping districts like Oxford Street and Regent Street, famous squares like Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square, and cultural institutions like the British Museum and the National Gallery.

10. Where are Hyde Park, St. James's Park, and Regent's Park situated?
- Hyde Park, St. James's Park, and Regent's Park are situated in the City of Westminster, which is located in the western part of central London.

11. What are the most famous places in London to do the shopping?
- The most famous places in London for shopping are Oxford Street, Regent Street, Bond Street, and Covent Garden. These areas offer a wide range of shops, boutiques, department stores, and luxury brands.

12. How was the East End transformed recently?
- The East End of London has undergone significant transformation in recent years. It used to be known for its industrial and working-class character, but now it has become a hub for creative industries, modern developments, and cultural events. The regeneration efforts have improved infrastructure, attracted investment, and brought new opportunities to the area.

13. What is Greater London?
- Greater London refers to the administrative region that includes the City of London as well as 32 boroughs and the City of Westminster. It covers a larger area than just the historic core of London and represents the entire metropolitan area.

14. Prove that London is a multinational city.
- London is considered a multinational city because it is home to people from all over the world. It has a diverse population with various ethnic, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds. This can be seen in the presence of different communities, international cultural events, and a wide range of cuisines from around the globe.

9. Prove that London is:
- An old city: London was founded over 2,000 years ago and has a rich history dating back to Roman times.
- Playing an important role in the life of the country: London has been the capital of England for centuries and has played a central role in politics, commerce, culture, and the arts.
- Enjoying greater independence than other cities in England: London had its own mayor, legal system, and self-governance, giving it more independence compared to other medieval cities in England.
- Having chaotic planning: The planning of London is characterized by a mix of historic and modern architecture, resulting in a somewhat chaotic layout.
- Having a lot of tourist attractions in the West End: The West End of London is famous for its theaters, shopping districts, squares, and cultural institutions, attracting many tourists.
- The East End being different from the rest of the metropolis: The East End has a distinct history, culture, and character compared to other parts of London, with a transformation in recent years bringing new developments and opportunities.
- Rapidly growing: London's population and infrastructure continue to grow, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in Europe.
- A multinational metropolis: London is home to a diverse population from all over the world, making it a cosmopolitan and multicultural city.

10. Outline of the text:
I. Introduction
A. London's foundation and original name
II. Growth and Development of London
A. Factors contributing to the growth of the town
B. The town becoming a city
III. London as the Capital of England
A. Establishment as the capital in the 12th century
IV. London’s Independence and Autonomy
A. Greater independence compared to other medieval cities
V. The Great Fire of London
A. Destruction and reconstruction of the city
VI. Parts of London
A. The City of London
B. The City of Westminster
C. Greater London
VII. The Financial Center of London
A. The City of London as the financial center
VIII. Attractions in the West End
A. Theaters, shopping districts, and cultural institutions
IX. Parks in London
A. Hyde Park, St. James's Park, and Regent's Park
X. Famous Places for Shopping in London
A. Oxford Street, Regent Street, Bond Street, Covent Garden
XI. Transformation of the East End
A. Recent changes and regeneration
XII. Greater London
A. Definition and administrative region
XIII. London as a Multinational City
A. Diversity and multiculturalism
XIV. Proven Statements about London
(Provide evidence for each statement)
XV. Additional Information on London's Sights
XVI. Retelling of the Text Using the Outline

11. Retelling of the text using the outline:
London is an ancient city with a history dating back to over 2,000 years ago when it was founded as Londinium. Through its strategic location on the River Thames, the town grew and developed into a city, attracting traders and settlers. In the 12th century, it became the capital of England and enjoyed greater independence compared to other cities of medieval England. However, in 1666, a devastating fire swept through the city, resulting in the reconstruction and redesign of many areas.

London is divided into different parts, including the City of London, the City of Westminster, and Greater London. The City of London is known as the financial center of the country, with numerous banks and financial institutions. The West End of London offers various attractions, such as theaters, shopping districts, squares, and cultural institutions.

Hyde Park, St. James's Park, and Regent's Park are located in the City of Westminster, providing green spaces for Londoners to visit and relax. Oxford Street, Regent Street, Bond Street, and Covent Garden are famous places for shopping.

The East End of London has undergone a recent transformation, with improvements in infrastructure and the influx of creative industries. Greater London refers to the administrative region that encompasses the City of London, boroughs, and the City of Westminster.

London is recognized as a multinational city due to its diverse population, with people from all over the world living there. This is reflected in the various communities, cultural events, and global cuisines available in the city.

In conclusion, London is a city with a long history, playing an important role in the country's life. It has experienced growth, independence, and transformation throughout the years. With its numerous attractions, multiculturalism, and rapid growth, London continues to be a significant global city.

12. Additional information on the sights of London:
One of the famous sights in London is Buckingham Palace, which is the official residence of the British monarch. Visitors can witness the Changing of the Guard ceremony and explore the beautiful gardens. Another iconic landmark is the Tower of London, historically used as a fortress, royal palace, and prison. It houses the Crown Jewels and offers tours that delve into its rich history.

The British Museum is a world-renowned institution housing vast collections of art and artifacts from around the world, including the Rosetta Stone and the Elgin Marbles. The Houses of Parliament and Big Ben, which is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster, are also must-see attractions.

The London Eye, a giant Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames, offers panoramic views of the city. Other notable sights include St. Paul's Cathedral, the Tate Modern art gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Natural History Museum.

One can choose any of these attractions to make a report on for a detailed exploration of the history, significance, and highlights of each sight in London.