Нужно составить по 2-3 вопроса для каждого пункта из текста используя passive ! 1.man has always been a builder. the kind of house he built depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. the first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the earth was covered with forests. men tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the skins of animals or with leaves and grass. so a tent, or hut, was the first house of the primitive people who lived where there was much wood. in other regions the most convenient building material was stone. men began building houses out of stone very long ago. although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist. it appears that the most ancient homes on the territory of russia were earthen houses. one such home was discovered near voronezh in 1927. it consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape. the floor was covered with limestone slabs.’ the roof had been conical and stood on poles (cto.n6) covered by branches or animal skins. such dwellings existed in that part of the country in the upper paleolithic period (from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). 2.the ancient egyptians built very simple houses, by present standards, having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof. the roof was flat because there was very little rain in egypt. although their buildings were simple in construction, the egyptian art of building was very beautiful. their pyramids and monuments, sphinxes and palaces arouse our admiration to this day. an important part in the history of building has been played by the column, and it was ancient egypt that gave the world its first lessons in the art of making columns. the greeks learned much from egypt. but they did not borrow the flat roof. they bulk a slanting roof because there was much rain in their country. the greeks made the roof slant in two directions from the middle. they also improved on egypt’s columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column making. the romans, in turn, learned much from the greeks. first of all they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. but they added the arch, thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings. 3.in ancient russia architecture flourished for the first time in kiev russ, unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous cathedral of st sophia, the cornerstone of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the pechenegs. the churches of that time were strong buildings with thick walls and small windows. they often had to serve as fortresses against enemy invasions. during the second world war the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them. 4.in the middle ages in europe numerous wars between different nations caused great damages to the houses of crowded medieval towns. therefore many monarchs and nobles built castles as a form of defense. those castles had very strong walls, narrow windows and projecting fortifications. 5.the renaissance, which was a european movement, lasted roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. during this period, arts and sciences underwent great changes. in architecture these changes were marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of ancient roman buildings. 6.buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. from the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. later the industrial revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site. 7.the 20th century is notable for widespread use of steel — reinforced concrete, huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. this technique has many advantages over other building methods. first of all it cuts the labor needed for building by 60 to 70% and extends the building season what is very important for countries where winter lasts for many months. furthermore the duration of building is greatly cut. all this makes the building process less expensive and much less laborious. architecture of the 20th century is characterized by very high buildings — particularly skyscrapers6 — and by great diversity of styles which completely differ from those of the past.

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