Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма;
вид, удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответствии с набором правил; представить логические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки программирования; машинно-ориентированные
языки; проблемно-ориентированные языки; обычный термин; язык
для программирования экономических задач; обработка информации;
операции по вводу-выводу данных; гибкость; идентифицировать поле
и его цели; решение проблем математического характера; сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальные возможности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из
языков программирования.
Let’s assume that we have studied the problem, designed a logical plan
(our flowchart or pseudocode), and are now ready to write the program instructions. The process of writing program instructions is called coding. The
instructions will be written on a form called a coding form. The instructions
we write will be recorded in a machine-readable form using a keypunch, keyto-tape, or key-to-disk, or entered directly into computer memory through
a terminal keyboard.
The computer cannot understand instructions written in just any old
way. The instructions must be written according to a set of rules. These rules
are the foundation of a programming language. A programming language
must convey the logical steps of the program plan in such a way that the control unit of the CPU can interpret and follow the instructions. Programming
languages have improved throughout the years, just as computer hardware
has improved. They have progressed from machine-oriented languages that
use strings of binary Is and Os to problem-oriented languages that use common mathematical and/or English terms.
There are over 200 problem-oriented languages. The most common of
them are COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, RPG, BASIC, PASCAL.
COBOL
COBOL was the most widely used business-oriented programming language. Its name is an acronym for Common Business-Oriented Language.
COBOL was designed to solve problems that are oriented toward data handling and input-output operations. Of course, COBOL can perform arithmetic operations as well, but its greatest flexibility is in data handling. COBOL also was designed as a self-documenting language. Self-documenting
languages are those that do not require a great deal of explanation in order to
be understood by someone reading the program instructions. The self-documenting aspect of COBOL is made possible by its sentence-like structure and
the very generous maximum symbolic field-name length of 30 characters.
With a field-name length of up to 30 characters, the name can clearly identify
the field and its purpose.
FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IV language is oriented toward solving problems of
a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination
of the words formula translation. The version of FORTRAN IV has been designed as algebra-based programming language. Any formula or those m athematical relationships that can be expressed algebraically can easily be expressed as a FORTRAN instruction. FORTRAN is the most commonly used
language for scientific applications.
PL/I
PL/I stands for programming language I. It was designed as a generalpurpose language incorporating features similar to COBOL for data handling
instructions and features similar to FORTRAN for mathematical instructions. PL/I is much more than a combination of the good features of both
COBOL and FORTRAN, as it has many capabilities that are unique. Yet,
although PL/I is one of the most versatile and the most powerful of the programming languages, it is not the most commonly used. COBOL and FORTRAN have been available for a longer period of time than PL/I, and many
more users work with those languages.

satvika61    3   13.09.2021 10:31    111