Find in the text english equivalents to the following russians words and word combinations: - схема; - давать, выпускать; - промежуточный; - вызвать; - электрический импульс; - последовательность (таких) импульсов; - исходные данные; - превращать слова в цифры; - пробивать; - телетайпная лента; - подавать, питать; - электронно-счетная машина; - молниеносная скорость; - неограниченные возможности; - наоборот; - последовательность, порядок, ряд; - для автоматизированным производством; - умножение; - деление; - пробивать цифры. electronic brain computers represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them appeared more than half a century ago. although still now, these machines have already brought about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics, and automatic control. the reason for this lies in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost all scientific and technical problems. they can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations. no wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations required being above human possibilities. a high speed electronic computer can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. a calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours. the principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations. if we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. subtraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. multiplication is done by repeated additions of the necessary number of times, a division – by repeated subtraction. electronic machines work according to a programme prepared in advance which determines the sequence of operations. they have a very efficient electronic “memory” which stores the initial data, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as the working commands given to the machine. the electronic machine can also be used for automatic product control. this machine can also be used to make translations from one language into another by converting words into figures and vice versa. this is how the translation is done from english into french, for example. the english words are converted into figures using a number for each letter: thus if a – 16, n – 15, d – 30, the word “and” becomes “161530”. these figures are punched out on a teletype ribbon. the ribbon is fed into the electronic calculating machine, into which “a vocabulary” has been installed in advance with all the words, english and french converted into figures. the machine “searches” (by a sequence of electronic impulses) all through the english section of its vocabulary for a number corresponding to each word that has been fed into it; each stage in this “search” occupies about one ten thousandth of a second. having found the right number on the english side, the machine automatically begins to search on the french side at the same lightning speed, and the resulting translation comes out printed on a teletype ribbon in french. all the instruments invented up to now have served to save human labour. but it is electronic computers which have come to the help of the human brain, thus opening up boundless possibilities.

zalina163    2   28.05.2019 20:20    21