EXERCISE 4. Закончите предложения: 1. Pathology covers … .

2. An ulcer is … .

3. Cysts can occur … .

4. A tumor is … .

5. A cancer is a condition when … .

6. Congenital defects can be … .

7. The diagnosis of infections often requires … .

1. Pathology covers the study and understanding of abnormal changes or diseases that occur in living organisms, including humans. It involves the examination of tissues, cells, and body fluids to determine the cause, nature, and effects of these abnormalities.

2. An ulcer is a painful open sore that forms on the skin or mucous membranes, usually due to inflammation or injury. It can occur in various parts of the body, such as the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the mouth (oral ulcer).

3. Cysts can occur in different parts of the body and are characterized by the formation of a sac-like structure filled with fluid, air, or semi-solid material. They can develop in organs, tissues, or bones and may or may not cause symptoms depending on their location and size.

4. A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells that can occur in any part of the body. Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body and are usually not life-threatening, while malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other organs, potentially causing serious health issues.

5. A cancer is a condition when abnormal cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Unlike benign tumors, cancerous tumors have the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Cancer is a complex disease with various types and stages, and its treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies.

6. Congenital defects can be present at birth and are caused by abnormalities in the development of organs or body structures. These defects can range from minor to severe and can affect various parts of the body, such as the heart, brain, limbs, or internal organs. They can be genetic (inherited) or caused by environmental factors during pregnancy.

7. The diagnosis of infections often requires laboratory tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, or culturing samples from the infected area. These tests help identify the presence of pathogens (microorganisms causing the infection) and determine the appropriate treatment. Additionally, the symptoms, medical history, and physical examination are also important in diagnosing infections. Some common laboratory tests for diagnosing infections include bacterial cultures, viral antigen or antibody tests, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests.

I hope this explanation provides a comprehensive understanding of the concepts mentioned in the exercise. If you have any further questions, please feel free to ask.