Exercise 1. Answer the questions. What influences the operation of an integrated circuit? (the quality of microscopic components it consists of) 2. What is the function of a computer? (making a great number of calculations at a very high speed) 3. What will be the speed of the fifth-generation computers? (100 billion operations a second) 4. What can increase the operation speed many times compared to the present computers? (a photon) 5. What physical phenomenon can be used to improve a computer's speed? (light) 6. What are the advantages of light for computation purposes over electronics? (the capability to move faster, in parallel lines and pass one another)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. Nowadays electronic devices

2. We are surrounded

3. There are

4. A personal computer

5. People are carried by

6. The modern production is unthinkable

7. It is impossible to imagine

1.airplanes, ships, trains and cars having built-in electronic circuits and instruments.

2.is being used more widely at home and in office.

3.without electronically con-trolled machine-tools.

4.with electronics everywhere in everyday life and at plants and factories.

5.scientific research without computers.

6.are in general usage.

7.electronic watches we wear, telephone, radio, and TV sets we speak, listen to and watch.

Exercise 1:
1. The operation of an integrated circuit is influenced by the quality of microscopic components it consists of. The quality of these components, such as transistors and resistors, affects the overall performance and reliability of the circuit. Higher quality components tend to have better performance and longevity.

2. The function of a computer is to perform a large number of calculations at a very high speed. Computers are designed to process and manipulate data using complex algorithms and logical operations. This allows them to perform tasks ranging from simple calculations to complex simulations and artificial intelligence.

3. The speed of fifth-generation computers is expected to reach 100 billion operations per second. This is a significant improvement compared to previous generations of computers and reflects advancements in processor technology, memory systems, and parallel processing capabilities.

4. The speed of computer operations can be significantly increased by using photons. Photons, which are particles of light, have the potential to transmit information and perform computations much faster than traditional electronic components. Photonics, the science and technology of using light, is being explored as a way to develop faster and more efficient computers.

5. Light is a physical phenomenon that can be used to improve the speed of computers. By utilizing photons and optical communication techniques, computers can transmit and process information much faster than traditional electronic methods. This is due to the inherent speed and bandwidth of light compared to electrical signals.

Exercise 2:
1. Nowadays electronic devices like airplanes, ships, trains, and cars have built-in electronic circuits and instruments. (Electronic devices in transportation have integrated electronic circuits and instruments)

2. We are surrounded by electronics everywhere in everyday life and at plants and factories. (Electronics are widely used in various aspects of our lives, including homes, offices, and industrial settings)

3. There are electronically controlled machine tools without which modern production is unthinkable. (Modern production heavily relies on machine tools that are controlled by electronic systems)

4. A personal computer is being used more widely at home and in offices. (The usage of personal computers has expanded and is prevalent in both homes and offices)

5. People are carried by scientific research without computers. (Computers play a crucial role in scientific research and are indispensable for various experiments, calculations, and simulations)

6. The modern production is unthinkable without electronics everywhere in everyday life and at plants and factories. (Modern production heavily depends on the integration of electronics into everyday life and industrial processes)

7. It is impossible to imagine life without electronic watches we wear, telephones, radios, and TV sets we speak, listen to, and watch. (Electronic devices such as watches, telephones, radios, and TVs have become integral parts of our daily lives that we cannot imagine living without)