a) выпишите из текста все неисчисляемые существительные.
b) выпишите из текста все предложения, в которых есть модальный глагол и подчеркните его.
text « urban cadastre»
the urban cadastre is an inventory of the real properties with juridical purposes, fiscal and of planning, which should be used as support to decisions making that redound to advantages for the community of the municipality. the real estate information contemplates four fundamental aspects: physics, related with the position, dimension, form and general characteristics of the real estates; juridical, referred to the legal situation of property; fiscal, concerning to the taxing in function of the real state value; and social-economical, associated to the occupants of the real estates. the cadastre should support the tasks of planning and decisions making in the public and private sector, besides serving like mean to capture economical resources for the benefit of the community.
the cadastral information includes spatial data like the location, area, perimeter, vicinity, form, orientation, etc. of the lots of land. the basic concept in the urban cadastre is the real estate, which could give up of diverse forms: a lot of land simply, or a lot with one or several edifications, or also an apartment type condominium (it share the same land with others). in the case of the apartments, the planimetric location of each one of the real estates within the lot is the same for all those located in a same edification.
the requirements of the urban cadastre:
1. hierarchical coding: support the identification of the real estates following a hierarchical, such as the code includes information on the edification, the lot of land, the block and the sector where it is located.
2. information of the real estates: permit the storage and processing of information related to the spatial characteristics of the lots and edifications like dimension, form, area, and no-spatial like the attributes of the owner and the occupants, use, value, public services, construction characteristic of the real estates, among others.
3. information of the sectors of the city: including information on the public services, nets of streets, unit values of the land. the public
services and the unit values of the land meet to street level, of such form that they associate to the real estates located in a determined street, allowing to know the services that they have and their unit values.
4. tradition of the real estates: the historic information such as use, value, social-economical data of the people occupants, area, limits, co-ordinates of vertexes, etc., is important for legal and of planning ends.
5. permissions of construction: support the relative to the permissions of construction, modification or demolish of real estates in order to control this activity and make to complete the established urban norms. this will allow detecting the change on the characteristics of edification, which will serve for the updating of the real estate value.
6. data input flexibility. the data could be obtained from several sources like air photographs, air-photogrammetric and topographical surveying, existent plans and census.
7. robustness. 8. extensibility. 9. security and privacy.
- inventory (инвентарь);
- information (информация);
- data (данные);
- location (местоположение);
- area (площадь);
- perimeter (периметр);
- vicinity (окрестность);
- dimension (размер);
- form (форма);
- orientation (ориентация);
- requirements (требования);
- storage (хранение);
- processing (обработка);
- characteristics (характеристики);
- attributes (признаки);
- modifications (изменения);
- demolish (снос);
- norms (нормы);
- flexibility (гибкость);
- robustness (надежность);
- extensibility (расширяемость);
- security (безопасность);
- privacy (конфиденциальность).
b) Предложения с модальными глаголами:
- "which should be used as support to decisions making" (которые должны быть использованы в качестве поддержки для принятия решений);
- "which could give up of diverse forms" (которые могут иметь различные формы);
- "permit the storage and processing" (позволяют хранить и обрабатывать);
- "permit the relative to the permissions" (позволяют относительно разрешений);
- "this will allow detecting the change" (это позволит обнаружить изменение).
Пояснения:
a) Неисчисляемые существительные являются такими, которые не имеют единственного числа и не могут быть пересчитаны. В тексте их можно выделить по отсутствию числового определителя и непосредственному использованию существительного без изменений.
b) Модальные глаголы выделяются по своему особому значению, которое выражает различные модальности, такие как долженствование (should), возможность (could), разрешение (permit), разрешительный оттенок (will allow). Они указывают на то, что действие, о котором говорится в предложении, не является обязательным или фактическим, а зависит от определенных условий или воли других лиц. В тексте такие глаголы следует подчеркнуть для их выделения.