1. balance, amount, water, fuel, control, measure, cause, increase 1. The fuel – and –energy balance is important for industry.
2. Conductivity increases with heating.
3. The machine should be re – fuelled.
4. the amount of power used in the world in a year amounts to 12.000 million tons of equivalent fuel.
5. water barriers are crossed by submarine cables.
6.The instrument is foot-controlled by a pedal.
7.Force and motion go together; one is a cause, the other, a result.
8.An electromotive force causes the electrons to move.
9.Control of the apparatus is placed on the panel.
10.The volt is a measure of electromotive force.

2. Complete these sentences, using the correct variant:
1. Circuit a consists of: a) resistors and conductors.
b) a voltage source and resistors.
c) a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor.
2. A voltage source: a) conducts current.
b) reduces current.
c) supplies current.
3. A conductor a) connects the elements.
b) supplies voltage.
c) conducts current.
4. A resistor a) connects the elements.
b) supplies current.
c) reduces current.
5. No current results from: a) an open.
b) a short.

3. Answer the following questions:
1. What elements does a circuit consist of?
2. What is the function of a voltage source?
3. What is the function of a conductor?
4. What is the function of a resistor?
5. When is there no current in a circuit?
6. What does an open or a short result in?
7. What does no current in a circuit result from?

1. Circuit a consists of: c) a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor.

- It is important to have a voltage source to provide the electrical energy needed for the circuit to function.
- The resistor helps control the amount of current flowing through the circuit.
- The conductor allows the flow of electric current from one component to another.

2. A voltage source: c) supplies current.

- A voltage source, such as a battery or power supply, provides the necessary electrical potential for current to flow in the circuit.

3. A conductor c) conducts current.

- A conductor, typically made of metal, allows the flow of electric current through it. It acts as a pathway for the electrons to move from one component to another.

4. A resistor c) reduces current.

- A resistor is used to limit or control the amount of current flowing through a circuit. It offers resistance to the flow of electricity and reduces the current.

5. No current results from: a) an open.

- When there is an open in a circuit, it means that there is a break in the pathway, and the current cannot flow. Therefore, no current will result.

6. An open or a short results in a disruption or interruption in the flow of current.

- An open in a circuit means that there is a break or gap in the pathway, which prevents the current from flowing.
- On the other hand, a short circuit occurs when there is an unintended low-resistance connection between two points in a circuit. This results in a large current flow and can be dangerous.

7. No current in a circuit results from an open.

- When there is an open in a circuit, it interrupts or breaks the flow of current, resulting in no current passing through the circuit.

Additional Information:

- The fuel and energy balance is important for industry because it helps ensure efficient use of resources and helps in monitoring energy consumption.
- Conductivity refers to the ability of a material to conduct electricity. Heating can increase conductivity by providing more energy to the electrons, allowing them to move more freely.
- Re-fuelling refers to adding more fuel to a machine or device to keep it running.
- The term "12,000 million tons of equivalent fuel" refers to the amount of power used worldwide in a given year, measured in terms of its energy content relative to a standard fuel.
- Submarine cables are used to transmit signals and power underwater, including crossing water barriers like oceans.
- Foot-control instruments use a pedal or foot switch to control their operation.
- Force and motion are interconnected. Force acts as a cause, leading to motion as the result.
- Electromotive force is responsible for causing the movement of electrons in an electrical circuit.
- Control of an apparatus is typically placed on a control panel for easy access and operation.
- The volt is a unit of measurement used to quantify electromotive force, which is the driving force behind the movement of electric charges.