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Sigmund Freud, who explored the unconscious for over forty years and established its great significance in mental and emotional functioning, often began a lecture to a new audience with an account of a parapraxis, or a slip of the tongue. Such slips, which we all make from time to time, are excellent examples of how the mind operates simultaneously at different levels, or in different ways. Slips of the tongue also illustrate how matters over which we have some conflict may be related to the unconscious mind but find sudden – and sometimes embarrassing – expression.

What is the unconscious? The unconscious is that area of our experience that is not normally accessible to us either because its contents never were conscious (traces of events that happened before we had language, when we were infants) or because its contents have been repressed, or pushed out of awareness, because they are in some way threatening to us. For example, a woman may “forget” that her friend is chronically late for appointments until each time it happens because she is afraid that if she expresses her anger, the friend will become angry too.

How does unconscious material come into awareness? Sometimes unconscious thoughts erupt into consciousness quite unexpectedly. More often, however, unconscious material remains hidden away until it finds expression in our dreams or fantasies (where it is usually disguised) or in our conscious associations to material in our dreams. As we begin to try to understand our dreams and to relate events in them to ideas and events in the real world, the unconscious thoughts that underlie dream images may come to awareness.

Sigmund Freud, in proposing his theory of the unconscious, found himself in opposition to the mainstream of nineteenth-century thought. Many scientists and philosophers felt that the then new science of psychology should attend to the conscious mind, analyzing its contents or exploring its active processes – such as sensing, thinking, and imagining; others felt that because mind was an abstraction, only behavior could properly be studied. For Freud, however, the mind was like an iceberg: the small part of the iceberg that we see represents the conscious mind; the great mass below the water represents the unconscious urges, passions, and repressed ideas and feelings that control conscious thought and action.

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