V. Find in the above text and copy out sentences in which irregular plural forms are used

Reputation of a social entity (a person, a social group, an organization) is an
opinion about that entity, typically a result of social evaluation on a set of criteria. It is
important in business, education, online communities, and many other fields.
Reputation may be considered as a component of identity as defined by others.
Reputation is known to be a ubiquitous, spontaneous, and highly efficient
mechanism of social control in natural societies. It is a subject of study in social,
management and technological sciences. Its influence ranges from competitive settings,
like markets, to cooperative ones, like firms, organizations, institutions and
communities. Furthermore, reputation acts on different levels of agency, individual and
supra-individual. At the supra-individual level, it concerns groups, communities,
collectives and abstract social entities (such as firms, corporations, organizations,
countries, cultures and even civilizations). It affects phenomena of different scales, from
everyday life to relationships between nations. Reputation is a fundamental instrument
of social order, based upon distributed, spontaneous social control.
Until very recently the cognitive nature of reputation was substantially ignored.
This has caused a misunderstanding of the effective role of reputation in a number of
real-life domains and related scientific fields. In the study of cooperation
Unit V Reputation
and social dilemmas, the role of reputation as a partner selection mechanism started to
be appreciated in the early 1980s.
Working toward such a definition, reputation as a socially transmitted (meta-)
belief (i.e., belief about belief) concerns properties of agents, namely their attitudes
toward some socially desirable behaviour, be it cooperation, reciprocity, or norm compliance.
Reputation plays a crucial role in the evolution of these behaviours: reputation
transmission allows socially desirable behaviour to spread. Rather than concentrating on
the property only, the cognitive model of reputation accounts also for the
transmissibility and therefore for the propagation of reputation.
A recommendation can be extremely precise; in the stock market, for example,
an adviser, when discussing the reputation of a bond, can supplement his informed
opinion with both historical series and current events. On the other hand, in informal
settings, gossip, although vague, may contain precious hints both to facts ("I've been
told this physician has shown questionable behaviour") and to conflicts taking place at
the information level (if a candidate for a role spreads defamatory about another
candidate, who should you trust?).
Moreover, the expression "it is said that John Smith is a cheater" is intrinsically a
reputation spreading act, because on the one hand it refers to a (possibly false) common
opinion, and on the other hand the very act of saying "it is said" is self-assessing, since
it provides at least one factual occasion when that something is said, exactly for the
fact the person who says so (the gossiper), while appearing to spread the saying a bit
further, may actually be in the phase of initiating it.

marta62    2   09.11.2021 02:53    1