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1. What are the most commonly used circuits in any computer? 2. How are they called? 3. What kind of a system is a
digital computer? 4. Is there anything that a computer cannot
do itself? What is it? 5. Where are the instructions and digits
stored? 6. What is the function of the control? 7. What does the
arithmetic device serve for? 8. What components form the central processor? 9. What other devices in addition to the abovementioned ones does a computer require? 10. How are computations performed in a computer?

Текст:
It should be noticed that even in a large-scale digital system,
such as in a computer, or in a data-processing, control or digital-communication system, there are only a few basic operations
which must be performed. These operations may be operated
many times. The four circuits most commonly employed in such
systems are known as the OR, AND, NOT and FLIP-FLOP.
They are called logic gates or circuits.
An electronic digital computer is a system which processes
and stores very large amount of data and which solves scientific
problems of numerical computations of such complexity and
with such speed that solution by human calculation is not feasible. So the computer as a system can perform numerical computations and follow instructions with extreme speed but it cannot program itself.
\\fe know that the numbers and the instructions which form
the program, the computer is to follow, are stored in an essential part of the computer called the memory. The second important unit of the computer is the control whose function is to
interpret orders. The control must convert the command into
an appropriate set of voltages to operate switches and carry out
the instructions conveyed by the order. The third basic element
of a computer is the arithmetic device, which contains the circuits performing the arithmetic computations: addition, subtraction, etc. The control and arithmetic components are called the
central processor. Finally a computer requires appropriate input-output devices for inserting numbers and orders into the
memory and for reading the final result.
Suppose a command to perform an addition or division has
been transmitted to the central processor. In response to this
order the control must select the correct operands from the
memory, transmit them to the arithmetic unit and return to the
77 Unit 6. Functional Organization of the Computer
memory the result of the computation. The memory serves for
storing not only the original input data, but also the partial results which will have to be used again as the computation proceeds.
Lastly, if the computation doesn't stop with the execution of
this instruction and the storage of the partial result, the control
unit must automatically pass on to the next instruction. The
connection of the control unit back to the input permits insertion of more data when there is room in the memory.

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