Сответами на тесты (по тексту) new yorkers used to see the graffiti on the walls of poor neighbourhoods and subway trains as an example of young people rebellion. the slogans were seen as aggressive, the work of vandals seeking to express their identities or even make a political point. up to the 1970s, most new yorkers hated graffiti. since those days, graffiti has changed a lot and it is not longer found only in the subway and in the poor areas of the city. nowadays, it has the status of “street art” and you get graffiti in places where you would not expect to – in advertisements, on clothes, on toys, and even on the wall street journal’s official website! in the early 1980s, there was a real craze for graffiti art and the sophisticated manhattan art world had displays of street art in its galleries. then trend was short-lived – until the arrival of hip-hop music in the late 80s. in her book, subway art, martha cooper says, “graffiti came back with hip-hop music and people are now appreciating it for its style, which they couldn’t back then, because they couldn’t get beyond the vandalism thing.” hip-hop was originally black music, sung by young african americans from the poor, run-down districts of american cities. when it suddenly got to the top of the american music charts, hip-hop culture was spread, bringing graffiti with it. today companies are starting to use the appeal of graffiti in advertising. kel rodriguez, who used to spray new york subway trains, was the artist chosen to design the wall street journal’s website and it is obviously done in graffiti style. many of this new wave of artists give lectures on developments in the art. lee quinones is having a lot of success in europe and feels that european galleries and museums are more open to this art form. “they want to support an artist as he develops,” comments quinones, who can get up to $10,000 for his paintings. indeed, the groninger museum in holland is one of the few museums in the world that displays and recognizes graffiti as an art form. another artist, blade, has his own website devoted only to the world of graffiti. this website has ‘a page’ where blade sells things with his own original designs all over the world – everything from baseball caps to yo-yos! leonard mcgurr, a street artist for 25 years, went from painting subway trains to designing and marketing graffiti-inspired clothes for young people. “graffiti has been a story of survival,” he says. “there’s a way to benefit from your work without spoiling public property.” a1 according to the article, people did not like graffiti because… 1 nobody understood it. 2 it made cities ugly. 3 it considered to be the work of hooligans. a2 nowadays people’s attitude towards graffiti is … 1 not as bad as it used to be. 2 worse than before. 3 the same as in the past. a3 what do graffiti and hip-hop have in common according to the article? 1 they are both illegal. 2 they are both examples of political views. 3 they came from similar background. a4 what is said in the article about graffiti artists? 1 most of them moved to europe. 2 some of them are treated as respected artists. 3 they haven’t learnt how to draw properly. a5 lee quinones thinks that graffiti is more popular in europe because… 1 graffiti artists can make money more easily there. 2 graffiti is taken more seriously there. 3 european museums and galleries have more space for graffiti as an art form. a6 some graffiti artists make money by… 1 painting subway trains. 2 selling painted street walls. 3 selling products with graffiti design on them.

emilio1324    1   21.05.2019 20:43    62