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1. International language
2. English was not for everyone
3. American English
4. Necessary for communication
5. Former British colonies
6. The Norman conquest of England
7. Efficient ways to learn English
8. English-speaking countries

A. The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the peoples.

B. Today English is the language of the world. Over 300 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the former British and US colonies.

C. English is not only the national or official language of some thirty states which represent different cultures, but it is also the major international language for communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations. It is the language of literature, education, modem music, international tourism.

D. What did the Norman Conquest do to England? It gave it French kings and nobles who brought with them the French language. After the Norman Conquest there were three languages in England. There was Latin, the language of the church in which all learned men wrote and spoke. Then there was French, the language which the kings and nobles spoke and wrote. Finally, there was the English language which remained the language of poor people who did not understand French or Latin but spoke only English.

E. So far there is no universal or ideal method of learning languages. Everybody has his own way. Sometimes it is boring to study grammar or to learn new words. But it is well known that reading original books in English, listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of native speakers.
F. The conquest of England by the Normans began in 1066 with the battle of Hastings, where the English fought against the Normans. The conquest was complete in 1086. Who were these Normans who conquered England? They were Vikings or 'Norsemen', men from the North. Some 150 years before the conquest of England they came to a part of France, opposite England, a part which we now call Normandy.

G. The beginning of 1600th was the English colonization of North America and the creation of an American dialect. Some pronunciations and usages didn’t change when they reached the American shore. In certain respects, American English is closer to the English of Shakespeare than modem British English is. Some "Americanisms" are actually originally British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost at home (e.g., fall as a synonym for autumn, trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend).

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