Нужно выполнить два задания по тексту. Ниже представлен текст и задания. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, almost in all the continents of the world. This exporting of English began in the XVII-th century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, the great growth of population in the United States together with massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has given the English language its present standing in the world. Besides, basic characteristics of English also contribute to the situation that nowadays it is the most spread language on Earth. These characteristics are: simplicity of forms (very few endings); flexibility (the same word can operate as some different parts of speech); openness of vocabulary (English words are frequently admitted by other languages). At present English is the language of business, technology, sport and aviation.

There are four working languages in ICAO – English, French, Spanish and Russian. But all meetings, conferences and assemblies are conducted in English and then all materials are translated into other languages. For this purpose ICAO has a special “Language and Publications Branch” with four sections.

The most urgent problem in aviation is safety. The progress in safety is achieved by intensive efforts in various spheres – engineering sciences, meteorology, psychology, medicine, economics and “last but not least” the English language. Insufficient English language proficiency often results in accidents and incidents. For example, the worst disaster in aviation history occurred in 1977 when two Boeings 747 collided at Tenerife, Canary Islands. The crew of Pan American 747 missed or misunderstood taxi instructions requiring a turn off the active runway. At the same time KLM 747 initiated a shrouded take off on the opposite direction. The two aircraft met on the active runway, with heavy loss of lives.

Between 1976-2000 more than 1100 passengers and crews lost their lives in accidents in which language played a contributory role.

Concern over the role of language in airline accidents brought real actions. So in March 2003 ICAO adopted Amendments to ICAO Annexes 1, 6, 10 and 11. These Amendments make clear and extend language requirements. In addition, they contain new more strict requirements for language testing.

Additional standards in Annex 10 demand to adhere (=follow) more closely to standard phraseology in all air-ground exchanges and to use plain language when phraseology is not sufficient. Phraseology alone is unable to cover all of the potential situations, particularly (especially) in critical or emergency situations. Therefore the PELA (Proficiency in English Language) test examines use of both ATC phraseology and plain English.

I. ответьте на вопросы:
1. When did the exporting of English begin?
2. In what spheres of life is English most widely used?
3. How many working languages are there in ICAO?
4. In what language are meetings, conferences and assemblies conducted in ICAO?
5. How is the progress in safety achieved?
6. Could you explain why English language is so important in solving safety problem?
7. What are ICAO real actions for improving English language proficiency?
8. Will you describe the Amendments to ICAO Annexes adopted in 2003?
9. What do additional standards demand?
10. Can phraseology alone cover all of the potential situation in the air?
11. What are the PELA test requirements now?

III. Переведите на английский язык:
1. Каково население этого района?
2. Когда появились первые поселения европейцев на этом континенте?
3. Каковы основные характеристики английского языка?
4. Они обсуждают вопрос о новых рабочих языках в ИКАО – арабском и китайском.
5. Когда проводилась последняя ассамблея ИКАО?
6. Кто переводил эти материалы на русский язык?
7. Какова цель этой встречи?
8. Есть какие-нибудь новые публикации по этой проблеме?
9. Они достигли большого успеха в этой области.
10. Большие усилия нужны для решения этой проблемы.
11. Необходимо хорошо владеть английским, чтобы работать в международном аэропорту.
12. Недостаточное владение экипажем английским языком привело к катастрофе.
13. Катастрофа произошла над океаном.
14. На какой высоте столкнулись самолеты?
15. В этой катастрофе была большая потеря жизней.
16. ИКАО примет новые поправки к Аннексам в следующем месяце.
17. У нас достаточно топлива, чтобы лететь в Копенгаген.
18. Мы должны владеть как радиотелефонной фразеологией, так и обычным английским.

1. When did the exporting of English begin?
The exporting of English began in the XVII-th century, with the first settlements in North America.

2. In what spheres of life is English most widely used?
English is most widely used in the spheres of business, technology, sport, and aviation.

3. How many working languages are there in ICAO?
There are four working languages in ICAO - English, French, Spanish, and Russian.

4. In what language are meetings, conferences, and assemblies conducted in ICAO?
Meetings, conferences, and assemblies are conducted in English in ICAO.

5. How is the progress in safety achieved?
The progress in safety is achieved through intensive efforts in various spheres such as engineering sciences, meteorology, psychology, medicine, economics, and the English language.

6. Could you explain why English language is so important in solving the safety problem?
The English language is important in solving the safety problem because insufficient English language proficiency can often lead to accidents and incidents in the aviation industry. Misunderstanding or missing important instructions can have disastrous consequences, as seen in the example of the collision between two Boeing 747s in 1977. Therefore, it is crucial for aviation professionals to have a good command of English to ensure effective communication and prevent potential accidents.

7. What are ICAO real actions for improving English language proficiency?
ICAO has taken real actions to improve English language proficiency by adopting Amendments to ICAO Annexes 1, 6, 10, and 11 in March 2003. These Amendments make clear and extend language requirements and also contain new and stricter requirements for language testing.

8. Will you describe the Amendments to ICAO Annexes adopted in 2003?
The Amendments to ICAO Annexes adopted in 2003 aim to improve language proficiency in the aviation industry. They include clearer and extended language requirements and stricter language testing requirements.

9. What do additional standards demand?
The additional standards demand adherence to standard phraseology in all air-ground exchanges and the use of plain language when phraseology is not sufficient. They acknowledge that phraseology alone cannot cover all potential situations, especially in critical or emergency situations.

10. Can phraseology alone cover all of the potential situation in the air?
No, phraseology alone cannot cover all potential situations in the air. While standardized phraseology plays a critical role in communication, it may not be sufficient in all circumstances, especially during critical or emergency situations. Therefore, the use of plain English is also necessary to ensure clear and effective communication.

11. What are the PELA test requirements now?
PELA (Proficiency in English Language) test requirements now examine the use of both Air Traffic Control (ATC) phraseology and plain English. The test evaluates an individual's ability to communicate effectively in both standardized phraseology and plain language, ensuring proficiency in both aspects of communication.

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Translation exercises:

III. Translate into English:

1. Каково население этого района? - What is the population of this area?
2. Когда появились первые поселения европейцев на этом континенте? - When did the first European settlements appear on this continent?
3. Каковы основные характеристики английского языка? - What are the main characteristics of the English language?
4. Они обсуждают вопрос о новых рабочих языках в ИКАО – арабском и китайском. - They are discussing the issue of new working languages in ICAO - Arabic and Chinese.
5. Когда проводилась последняя ассамблея ИКАО? - When was the last ICAO assembly held?
6. Кто переводил эти материалы на русский язык? - Who translated these materials into Russian?
7. Какова цель этой встречи? - What is the purpose of this meeting?
8. Есть какие-нибудь новые публикации по этой проблеме? - Are there any new publications on this issue?
9. Они достигли большого успеха в этой области. - They have achieved great success in this area.
10. Большие усилия нужны для решения этой проблемы. - Great efforts are needed to solve this problem.
11. Необходимо хорошо владеть английским, чтобы работать в международном аэропорту. - It is necessary to have a good command of English to work in an international airport.
12. Недостаточное владение экипажем английским языком привело к катастрофе. - Insufficient proficiency in English by the crew led to the disaster.
13. Катастрофа произошла над океаном. - The disaster happened over the ocean.
14. На какой высоте столкнулись самолеты? - At what altitude did the airplanes collide?
15. В этой катастрофе была большая потеря жизней. - There was a significant loss of lives in this disaster.
16. ИКАО примет новые поправки к Аннексам в следующем месяце. - ICAO will adopt new amendments to the Annexes next month.
17. У нас достаточно топлива, чтобы лететь в Копенгаген. - We have enough fuel to fly to Copenhagen.
18. Мы должны владеть как радиотелефонной фразеологией, так и обычным английским. - We must be proficient in both radiotelephony phraseology and plain English.