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язык. основы компьютерной грамотности 45
basic data processing operations
five basic operations are characteristic of all data process-ing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. they are defined as follows.
inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. storing is saving data or information so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. processing represents performing arithmetic or log¬ical operations on data in order to convert them into useful in¬formation. outputting is the process of producing useful infor¬mation, such as a printed report or visual display.
controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.
data storage hierarchy
it is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy. the general group¬ings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows.
1) characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special symbols. 2) data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. data elements are also called data items or fields. 3) records, which are collections of related data elements. 4) files, which are collections of related records. a set of related files is called a data base or a data bank.

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