Напишите на конспект (10-12 предложений) по тексту. конспект с переводом (желательно). конспект, т.е. о чем текст, только вкратце 10-12 предложений(самое основное). кто , тот получит и ! political parties in the united states. the framers of the u.s. constitution (the founding fathers) made no provision in the governmental structure for the functioning of political parties because they believed that parties were a source of corruption and an impediment to the freedom of people to judge issues on their merits. they were sure that «factions» (their word for parties) might be able to seize control of the government. george washington, in accordance with the thinking of his fellow founding fathers, included in his cabinet men of diverse political philosophies and policies. the structure of government itself in the u. s. was conducive to the formation of political parties. the carefully elaborated system of checks and balances, established by the constitution, makes executive and legislative cooperation necessary in the development of policy. further, the division of legislative powers between the federal and state governments, as provided in the constitution, makes it necessary for advocates of such policies as the regulation of commerce to seek representation or strength in both the federal and state legislatures. as these ends were too complex and difficult to achieve by impermanent groupings, the formation of permanent political organizations was inevitable. though there are quite a lot of political independent parties in the united states, the two-party system prevails in the country. the party balance is held between the major parties - the republican party and the democratic party. the main principle of both parties remains one and the same, which is to control the national government by gaining the majority of seats in the congress and achieving the u. s. presidency. the fight between «elephants» and «donkeys» (these are tokens of republicans and democrats) never ends. one should never be misled by the parties’ names, for both programs do not differ much in goals. proclamation of retaining democracy in the country and the unity of the american nation may be found both in a republican’s and a democrat's election speech. the strength of each party depends much on the way it rules between the congress and the presidential elections. the success of the cabinet’s policy supplies the number of votes for the party candidate in the forthcoming elections. the party influence may decline in case the administration embodied by the president belonging to a certain party fails to be trusted by the nation. the nation’s mistrust to a president brings mistrust to the political party as a whole. this happened with the republicans in 1974 when president nixon got involved into «watergate affair» (the nation-disapproved fact of the democrats’ headquarters in the watergate hotel bugged by the republicans during the election campaign), this might have have happen to democrats in 1998 because of president bill clinton's misbehavior with monica levinsky at his office.

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