IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1,2,3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
1. concrete- бетон
2. aninnovation - инновация, новшество
3. aggregate - заполнитель
4. limestone- известняк
5. blastfurnacecement - доменный шлачный цемент
CONCRETE
1. It is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete. Concrete is the very building
material which led to great structural innovations. The most important quality of concrete is it’s
properly to be formed into the large and strong monolithic units. The basic materials for making
concrete are cement, aggregate and water.
2. Cement is the most essential material and the most important one for making concrete of
high quality. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt (calcined) at high temperature
and ground up into powder.
3. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of cement
are obtained. Portland cement, blast furnace cement is suitable for pulling up marine structures.
4. Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, sand, and gravel in the right amount. As soon
as it is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms that hold it in place until it hardens. The crystals
forming in the process of making concrete stick together in a very hard artificial stone. Cement
starts hardening one hour after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for
about twenty-eight days. The process is called concrete curing. The characteristics of concrete
depend upon the quality of the materials used, grading of the aggregates, proportioning and
amount of water.
5. The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be hard, strong, durable, fire-
resistant and economical. Concrete can be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and
reinforced concrete (ferro -concrete) where it is necessary to introduce steel.

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