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A Different kinds of land transport

In Washington the story is told of a director of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the 19 -th century suggested that the Office be closed because "everything that could possibly be invented had been invented". People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine.

But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the internal combustion engine.

The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.

Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model "T".

The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engine lorries became general.

The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.

Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning "for all". His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in the 20th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses.

Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19th century. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to pull a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails.

Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Kyiv, Moscow, and some other crowded cities isthe underground railway.

London`s first underground railway of the “tube” type was opened in 1863.

The firs pipe - line was laid in Pennsylvania, the US, in 1865. The famous Pipe-Line Under the Ocean (PLUTO) was laid across the English Channel in 1944.

A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world is the aerial cableway. They are used by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley below.

Во в кружочке:

IV (Выписываю предложения, перевод смотрите выше в тексте)

1. In Washington the story is told (Present Simple Passive) of a director of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the 19 -th century suggested that the Office be closed because "everything that could possibly be invented (Past Simple Passive) had been invented (Past Perfect Passive)".

2. But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped.(Past Simple Passive)

3. This problem was solved (Past Simple Passive) by the invention of the internal combustion engine.

4. The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced (Past Simple Passive) in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.

5. Motor cycles were found (Past Simple Passive) well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized (Past Simple Passive) as the cheapest form of fast transport.

6. Buses were started (Past Simple Passive) in Paris in 1820.

7. In 1828 they were introduced (Past Simple Passive) in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained (Past Simple Passive) from the Latin word meaning "for all".

8. His omnibuses were driven (Past Simple Passive) by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers.

9. Trams were introduced (Past Simple Passive) in the middle of the 19th century.

10. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed (Past Simple Passive) to pull a tram than a bus.

11. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven (Past Simple Passive) by electricity.

12. Such wires are also used (Present Simple Passive) by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails.

13. London's first underground railway of the “tube” type was opened (Past Simple Passive) in 1863.

14. The first pipe-line was laid (Past Simple Passive) in Pennsylvania, the US, in 1865.

15. The famous Pipe-Line Under the Ocean (PLUTO) was laid (Past Simple Passive) across the English Channel in 1944.

16. They are used (Present Simple Passive) by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley below.

V

tell - told - told - рассказать

can - could - could - мочь, уметь

be- was/were - been - быть

begin - began - begun - начать

spread - spread - spread - распространять(ся)

make - made - made - делать, производить

lead - led - led - вести, приводить

become - became - become - становиться

find - found - found - находить

drive - drove - driven - вести, управлять

run - ran - run - бегать

lay - laid - laid - класть

lie - lay - lain - лежать

VI

the cheapest, cheap - cheaper -  the cheapest  

early - earlier - the earliest

heavy - heavier - the heaviest

different - more different - the most different

IX

1) In Washington the story is told of a director of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the 19-th century suggested that the Office be closed because "everything that could (Past Simple) possibly be invented had been invented".  

2) But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could (Past Simple) quickly be started and stopped.