4 Study the sentences from the quiz. Then choose the correct words in the rules. 1 By the time he returned to Venice in 1295, Marco Polo had travelled almost 24,000 km. 2 Gagarin had flown in a plane hundreds of times, but he had never flown in a spacecraft. RULES a We form the past perfect with have / had and a past participle. b We form negative sentences with not or ever / never c We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before / after another action in the past.