16. What makes some words in Germanic languages different from their Indo-European cognates? 17. Which period of the language development (Old English, Middle English or Modern English) can be helpful in understanding the grammatical proximity between the Germanic languages? Please, explain.

18. Which period of the language development (Old English, Middle English or Modern English) can be helpful in understanding the modern English vocabulary? Please, explain.
Outer history: Scandinavian invasion, Norman conquest, formation of the English national language. Inner history: phonetics, grammar, word-stock.

19. Why are the names of English vowel letters different from the Indo-European cognates? Please, speculate on the corresponding change.
Outer history: emergence of the nation, establishment of the literary norm, geographical expansion of English. Inner history: phonetics, grammar, word-stock.

20. Why do the English words have few grammatical froms? Is that helpful in learning a language? Speculate on this from the position of EL teacher.

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