11 , : find in the text sentences with modal verbs and translate them into russian. higher education in russia is provided by state and non-state accredited higher educational institutions. currently there are six types of such institutions: national universities (such as lomonosov moscow state university and saint petersburg state university), federal universities, national research universities, universities, academies and institutes. the admission to higher educational institutions is competitive. it is based on the results of the uniform state exam, and those who wish to get admitted to law schools must demonstrate high academic attainment in such subjects as the russian language, history and social studies. according to the “law on education” of 2012, the recognized higher education qualifications are: a bachelor degree, a master degree and a specialist diploma. the bachelor of laws degree (llb) is obtained after 4 years of full-time studies; at the part-time and correspondence departments the training takes longer. bachelor degree programs focus on basic training and courses relevant to the basics of law as the new educational standards emphasize a practice-oriented approach. law schools graduates will be able to work as advocates, notaries, legal advisers, in-house counsels. they may join the police force or other law enforcement agencies. llb degree holders may enter the workforce immediately or may study towards the master degree (llm). master degree programs last for two years and offer in-depth specialization. there are some legal specialities which require only the specialist diploma. the duration of the specialist programs is five years and this is the traditional form of russian higher education. each stage of the education is completed by writing and defending a degree paper and sitting for the final state examination. graduates interested in further legal studies may pursue doctoral degrees: the candidate of legal sciences degree and doctor of legal sciences degree by defending a dissertation. the dissertation is defended in the form of a pub- lic presentation and scientific debates. these degrees are awarded for original research that constitutes a significant contribution to the legal science.

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